![]() For example, about 8% of patients with spinal cord lesions will form stones, and 98% of these will be struvite. ![]() They can form in the kidney or bladder in patients with catheters or urinary stasis. The mixture is composed of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H20) and calcium phosphate (Ca10.6.CO3) hence carbonate ions are also usually found. They are therefore also known as triple phosphate stones even though pure struvite actually contains no calcium. Struvite stones are actually a mixture composed of three cations (calcium, magnesium, ammonium) and one anion (phosphate). Struvite is a crystalline compound made up of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4.6H20). Struvite was first discovered in bat droppings by Swedish geologist Georg Ulex who named it after his friend, Russian diplomat, and naturalist, Baron von Struve. The 1926 description of urease, the first enzyme ever isolated and purified, earned Sumner the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1946. In 1901, Brown first suggested that urea splitting bacteria activity increased urinary ammonia production, which was the immediate cause of higher urinary alkalinity levels and phosphate (struvite) stone formation. Prevention: To prevent the formation of staghorn calculi and kidney stones in general, it's essential to stay well-hydrated, maintain a balanced diet, and manage any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to stone formation.The relationship between infections and renal calculi has been known since the time of Hippocrates, but it was not until 1817 that Marcet identified the connection between urinary alkalinity, infection, phosphate calculi, and increased urinary ammonia. Treatment options may include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or open surgery. Treatment Options: Management of staghorn calculi usually involves surgical intervention to remove or break up the stone. Diagnostic Imaging: Staghorn calculi are typically diagnosed through imaging techniques like CT scans or ultrasound, which reveal the stone's size and shape. Pain and Complications: As the staghorn calculus grows and obstructs normal kidney function, it can cause severe pain, blood in the urine, and increase the risk of kidney damage or infection. This can impede the flow of urine and lead to hydronephrosis, a condition in which the kidney becomes swollen due to urine buildup. Blockage and Obstruction: Large staghorn calculi can cause blockage and obstruction within the kidney's drainage system. The infected stone can act as a reservoir for these microorganisms, leading to recurrent urinary tract infections. Bacterial Infection: Staghorn calculi often become infected with bacteria. The stone's growth can extend into the kidney's calyces, taking on the appearance of a staghorn or branching antler. Stone Growth: Over time, these crystal aggregates grow, layer by layer, and can branch out into a complex structure. ![]() Crystal Aggregation: As minerals precipitate out of urine, tiny crystals begin to aggregate and adhere to the inner surfaces of the kidney, particularly in the renal pelvis. When urine becomes more concentrated, minerals are more likely to crystallize and form stones. Concentration of Urine: Dehydration or certain medical conditions can lead to highly concentrated urine. These minerals can include calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. Here's an explanation of how this type of stone forms: Formation of Staghorn Calculus: Mineral Accumulation: Staghorn calculi begin as small mineral deposits within the kidney. More What Mining in the Body Looks Like #surgery A staghorn calculus is a large, branching kidney stone that can cause significant pain and complications. ![]()
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